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In association football (soccer), a ghost goal, (or phantom goal) is a questionable goal, usually involving uncertainty as to whether or not a ball crossed the goal line. A ghost goal can be awarded without the ball ever crossing the goal-line and, conversely, the term can be applied when the ball crosses the goal-line unseen by the referee. In an attempt to combat the issue of ghost goals, new rules allowing goal-line technology were passed by IFAB in 2012 and has consequently been introduced for some football competitions, including the FIFA World Cup, FIFA Club World Cup and Premier League. ==Etymology== In Germany, the term "Phantomtor" usually refers to a Bundesliga "goal" awarded to Bayern Munich player Thomas Helmer in April 1994 against 1. FC Nürnberg, as his team scraped to a 2–1 victory. It was an error of judgement by the match officials, as the ball missed the goal and instead went over the byline. The goal directly influenced the outcome of the competition and led to an official objection by FIFA because the German Football Association ordered the result to be annulled and the game to be replayed. A re-match eventually took place and Bayern Munich ran out 5–0 winners.〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=Goal.com )〕 The term in the English language arose from a quote by Chelsea manager José Mourinho, following a 2004–05 UEFA Champions League semi-final against Liverpool, ultimately decided by a single goal by Luis García, awarded by referee Ľuboš Micheľ, but dubbed a "ghost goal" and described as "a goal that came from the moon" by Mourinho. Television replays were inconclusive as to whether the ball crossed the line or not. Micheľ said that his decision was based on the reaction of the assistant referee, who signalled that the ball had indeed crossed over the line, but had he not awarded Liverpool the goal, he would have awarded them a penalty kick and sent off Chelsea goalkeeper Petr Čech for a foul on Milan Baroš instead.〔Barnes, David. 'Anfield ref: I reckon I did Chelsea a favour', ''The People''. 8 May 2005. "I believe Chelsea would have preferred the goal to count rather than face a penalty with just ten men for the rest of the game. If my assistant referee had not signalled a goal, I would have given a penalty and sent off goalkeeper Petr Čech."〕 After studying a series of still images of the incident, motion expert Dr Mike Spann concluded that Micheľ had made the correct decision by signalling a goal.〔Harris, Nick. 〕 After the 2005 incident, the terms "ghost goal" and "phantom goal" have both been used to describe similar incidents at both club and international level. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ghost goal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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